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Matthew Henry's Commentary Matthew 21
The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ are the two main hinges upon which
the door of salvation turns. He came into the world on purpose to give his life
a ransom; so he had lately said, ch. xx. 28. And therefore the history of his
sufferings, even unto death, and his rising again, is more particularly recorded
by all the evangelists than any other part of his story; and to that this
evangelist now hastens apace. For at this chapter begins that which is called
the passion-week. He had said to his disciples more than once, Behold, we go up
to Jerusalem, and there the Son of man must be betrayed. A great deal of good
work he did by the way, and now at length he is come up to Jerusalem; and here
we have, I. The public entry which he made into Jerusalem, upon the first day of
the passion-week, ver. 1-11. II. The authority he exercised there, in cleansing
the temple, and driving out of it the buyers and sellers, ver. 12-16. III. The
barren fig-tree, and his discourse with his disciples thereupon, ver. 17-22. IV.
His justifying his own authority, by appealing to the baptism of John, ver.
23-27. V. His shaming the infidelity and obstinacy of the chief priests and
elders, with the repentance of the publicans, illustrated by the parable of the
two sons, ver. 29-32. VI. His reading the doom of the Jewish church for its
unfruitfulness, in the parable of the vineyard let out to unthankful husbandmen,
ver. 33-46.
Christ Questioned as to His Authority.
23 And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the
people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority doest thou
these things? and who gave thee this authority? 24 And Jesus answered and said
unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I in like wise
will tell you by what authority I do these things. 25 The baptism of John,
whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves,
saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then
believe him? 26 But if we shall say, Of men; we fear the people; for all hold
John as a prophet. 27 And they answered Jesus, and said, We cannot tell. And he
said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.
Our Lord Jesus (like St. Paul after him) preached his gospel with much
contention; his first appearance was in a dispute with the doctors in the
temple, when he was twelve years old; and here, just before he died, we have him
engaged in controversy. In this sense, he was like Jeremiah, a man of
contention; not striving, but striven with. The great contenders with him, were,
the chief priests and the elders, the judges of two distinct courts: the chief
priests presided in the ecclesiastical court, in all matters of the Lord, as
they are called; the elders of the people were judges of the civil courts, in
temporal matters. See an idea of both, 2 Chron. xix. 5, 8, 11. These joined to
attack Christ thinking they should find or make him obnoxious either to the one
or to the other. See how woefully degenerate that generation was, when the
governors both in church and state, who should have been the great promoters of
the Messiah's kingdom, were the great opposers of it! Here we have them
disturbing him when he was preaching, v. 23. They would neither receive his
instructions themselves, nor let others receive them. Observe,
I. As soon as he came into Jerusalem, he went to the temple, though he had been
affronted there the day before, was there in the midst of enemies and in the
mouth of danger; yet thither he went, for there he had a fairer opportunity of
doing good to souls than any where else in Jerusalem. Though he came hungry to
the city, and was disappointed of a breakfast at the barren fig-tree, yet, for
aught that appears, he went straight to the temple, as one that esteemed the
words of God's mouth, the preaching of them, more than his necessary food.
II. In the temple he was teaching; he had called it a house of prayer (v. 13),
and here we have him preaching there. Note, In the solemn assemblies of
Christians, praying and preaching must go together, and neither must encroach
upon, or jostle out, the other. To make up communion with God, we must not only
speak to him in prayer, but hear what he has to say to us by his word; ministers
must give themselves both to the word and to prayer, Acts vi. 4. Now that Christ
taught in the temple, that scripture was fulfilled (Isa. ii. 3), Let us go up to
the house of the Lord, and he will teach us his ways. The priests of old often
taught there the good knowledge of the Lord; but they never had such a teacher
as this.
III. When Christ was teaching the people, the priests and elders came upon him,
and challenged him to produce his orders; the hand of Satan was in this, to
hinder him in his work. Note, It cannot but be a trouble to a faithful minister,
to be taken off, or diverted from, plain and practical preaching, by an
unavoidable necessity of engaging in controversies, yet good was brought out of
this evil, for hereby occasion was given to Christ to dispel the objections that
were advanced against him, to the greater satisfaction of his followers; and,
while his adversaries thought by their power to have silenced him, he by his
wisdom silenced them.
Now, in this dispute with them, we may observe,
1. How he was assaulted by their insolent demand; By what authority doest thou
these things, and who gave thee this authority? Had they duly considered his
miracles, and the power by which he wrought them, they needed not to have asked
this question; but they must have something to say for the shelter of an
obstinate infidelity. "Thou ridest in triumph into Jerusalem, receivest the
hosannas of the people, controllest in the temple, drivest out such as had
license to be there, from the rulers of the temple, and paid them rent; thou are
here preaching a new doctrine; whence hadst thou a commission to do all this?
Was it from Cæsar, or from the high priest, or from God? Produce thy warrant,
thy credentials. Dost not thou take too much upon thee?" Note, It is good for
all that take upon them to act with authority, to put this question to
themselves, "Who gave us that authority?" For, unless a man be clear in his own
conscience concerning that, he cannot act with any comfort or hope of success.
They who run before their warrant, run without their blessing, Jer. xxiii. 21,
22.
Christ had often said it, and proved it beyond contradiction, and Nicodemus, a
master in Israel, had owned it, that he was a teacher sent of God (John iii. 2);
yet, at this time of day, when that point had been so fully cleared and settled,
they come to him with this question. (1.) In the ostentation of their own power,
as chief priests and elders, which they thought authorized them to call him to
an account in this manner. How haughtily do they ask, Who gave thee this
authority? Intimating that he could have no authority, because he had none from
them, 1 Kings xxii. 24; Jer. xx. 1. Note, It is common for the greatest abusers
of their power to be the most rigorous assertors of it, and to take a pride and
pleasure in any thing that looks like the exercise of it. (2.) It was to ensnare
and entangle him. Should he refuse to answer this question, they would enter
judgment against him upon Nihil dicit—He says nothing; would condemn him as
standing mute; and would insinuate to the people, that his silence was a tacit
confessing of himself to be a usurper: should he plead an authority from God,
they would, as formerly, demand a sign from heaven, or make his defence his
offence, and accuse him of blasphemy for it.
2. How he answered this demand with another, which would help them to answer it
themselves (v. 24, 25); I also will ask you one thing. He declined giving them a
direct answer, lest they should take advantage against him; but answers them
with a question. Those that are as sheep in the midst of wolves, have need to be
wise as serpents: the heart of the wise studieth to answer. We must give a
reason of the hope that is in us, not only with meekness, but with fear (1 Pet.
iii. 15), with prudent caution, lest truth be damaged, or ourselves endangered.
Now this question is concerning John's baptism, here put for his whole ministry,
preaching as well as baptizing; "Was this from heaven, or of men? One of the two
it must be; either what he did was of his own head, or he was sent of God to do
it." Gamaliel's argument turned upon this hinge (Acts v. 38, 39); either this
counsel is of men or of God. Though that which is manifestly bad cannot be of
God, yet that which is seemingly good may be of men, nay of Satan, when he
transforms himself into an angel of light. This question was not at all
shuffling, to evade theirs; but,
(1.) If they answered this question, it would answer theirs: should they say,
against their consciences, that John's baptism was of men, yet it would be easy
to answer, John did no miracle (John x. 41), Christ did many; but should they
say, as they could not but own, that John's baptism was from heaven (which was
supposed in the questions sent him, John i. 21, Art thou Elias, or that
prophet?) then their demand was answered, for he bare testimony to Christ. Note,
Truths appear in the clearest light when they are taken in their due order; the
resolving of the previous questions will be a key to the main question.
(2.) If they refused to answer it, that would be a good reason why he should not
offer proofs of his authority to men that were obstinately prejudiced against
the strongest conviction; it was but to cast pearls before swine. Thus he taketh
the wise in their own craftiness (1 Cor. iii. 19); and those that would not be
convinced of the plainest truths, shall be convicted of the vilest malice,
against John first, then against Christ, and in both against God.
3. How they were hereby baffled and run aground; they knew the truth, but would
not own it, and so were taken in the snare they laid for our Lord Jesus.
Observe,
(1.) How they reasoned with themselves, not concerning the merits of the cause,
what proofs there were of the divine original of John's baptism; no, their care
was, how to make their part good against Christ. Two things they considered and
consulted, in this reasoning with themselves—their credit, and their safety; the
same things which they principally aim at, who seek their own things.
[1.] They consider their own credit, which they would endanger if they should
own John's baptism to be of God; for then Christ would ask them, before all the
people. Why did ye not believe him? And to acknowledge that a doctrine is from
God, and yet not to receive and entertain it, is the greatest absurdity and
iniquity that a man can be charged with. Many that will not be kept by the fear
of sin from neglecting and opposing that which they know to be true and good are
kept by the fear of shame from owning that to be true and good which they
neglect and oppose. Thus they reject the counsel of God against themselves, in
not submitting to John's baptism, and are left without excuse.
[2.] They consider their own safety, that they would expose themselves to the
resentments of the people, if they should say that John's baptism was of men; We
fear the people, for all hold John as a prophet. It seems, then, First, That the
people had truer sentiments of John than the chief priests and the elders had,
or, at least, were more free and faithful in declaring their sentiments. This
people, of whom they said in their pride that they knew not the law, and were
cursed (John vii. 49), it seems, knew the gospel, and were blessed. Secondly,
That the chief priests and elders stood in awe of the common people, which is an
evidence that things were in disorder among them, and that mutual jealousies
were at a great height; that the government was become obnoxious to the hatred
and scorn of the people, and the scripture was fulfilled, I have made you
contemptible and base, Mal. ii. 8, 9. If they had kept their integrity, and done
their duty, they had kept up their authority, and needed not to fear the people.
We find sometimes that the people feared them, and it served them for a reason
why they did not confess Christ, John ix. 22, xii. 42. Note, Those could not but
fear the people, who studied only how to make the people fear them. Thirdly,
That it is usually the temper even of common people to be zealous for the honour
of that which they account sacred and divine. If they account John as a prophet,
they will not endure that it should be said, His baptism was of men; hence the
hottest contests have been about holy things. Fourthly, That the chief priests
and elders were kept from an open denial of the truth, even against the
conviction of their own minds, not by the fear of God, but purely by the fear of
the people; as the fear of man may bring good people into a snare (Prov. xxix.
25), so sometimes it may keep bad people from being overmuch wicked, lest they
should die before their time, Eccl. vii. 17. Many bad people would be much worse
than they are, if they durst.
(2.) How they replied to our Saviour, and so dropped the question. They fairly
confessed We cannot tell; that is, "We will not;" ouk oi damen—We never knew.
The more shame for them, while they pretended to be leaders of the people, and
by their office were obliged to take cognizance of such things; when they would
not confess their knowledge, they were constrained to confess their ignorance.
And observe, by the way, when they said, We cannot tell, they told a lie, for
they knew that John's baptism was of God. Note, There are many who are more
afraid of the shame of lying than of the sin, and therefore scruple not to speak
that which they know to be false concerning their own thoughts and
apprehensions, their affections and intentions, or their remembering or
forgetting of things, because in those things they know nobody can disprove
them.
Thus Christ avoided the snare they laid for him, and justified himself in
refusing to gratify them; Neither tell I you by what authority I do these
things. If they be so wicked and base as either not to believe, or not to
confess, that the baptism of John was from heaven (though it obliged to
repentance, that great duty, and sealed the kingdom of God at hand, that great
promise), they were not fit to be discoursed with concerning Christ's authority;
for men of such a disposition could not be convinced of the truth, nay, they
could not but be provoked by it, and therefore he that is thus ignorant, let him
be ignorant still. Note, Those that imprison the truths they know, in
unrighteousness (either by not professing them, or by not practising according
to them), are justly denied the further truths they enquire after, Rom. i. 18,
19. Take away the talent from him that buried it; those that will not see, shall
not see.
The Parable of the Two Sons.
28 But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and
said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard. 29 He answered and said, I will not:
but afterward he repented, and went. 30 And he came to the second, and said
likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not. 31 Whether of them
twain did the will of his father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus saith unto
them, Verily I say unto you, That the publicans and the harlots go into the
kingdom of God before you. 32 For John came unto you in the way of
righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots
believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might
believe him.
As Christ instructed his disciples by parables, which made the instructions the
more easy, so sometimes he convinced his adversaries by parables, which bring
reproofs more close, and make men, or ever they are aware, to reprove
themselves. Thus Nathan convinced David by a parable (2 Sam. xxii. 1), and the
woman of Tekoa surprised him in like manner, 2 Sam. xiv. 2: Reproving parables
are appeals to the offenders themselves, and judge them out of their own mouths.
This Christ designs here, as appears by the first words (v. 28), But what think
you?
In these verses we have the parable of the two sons sent to work in the
vineyard, the scope of which is to show that they who knew not John's baptism to
be of God, were shamed even by the publicans and harlots, who knew it, and owned
it. Here is,
I. The parable itself, which represents two sorts of persons; some that prove
better than they promise, represented by the first of those sons; others that
promise better than they prove represented by the second.
1. They had both one and the same father, which signifies that God is a common
Father to all mankind. There are favours which all alike receive from him, and
obligations which all alike lie under to him; Have we not all one Father? Yes,
and yet there is a vast difference between men's characters.
2. They had both the same command given them; Son, go work to-day in my
vineyard. Parents should not breed up their children in idleness; nothing is
more pleasing, and yet nothing more pernicious, to youth than that. Lam. iii.
27. God sets his children to work, though they are all heirs. This command is
given to every one of us. Note, (1.) The work of religion, which we are called
to engage in, is vineyard work, creditable, profitable, and pleasant. By the sin
of Adam we were turned out to work upon the common, and to eat the herb of the
field; but by the grace of our Lord Jesus we are called to work again in the
vineyard. (2.) The gospel call to work in the vineyard, requires present
obedience; Son, go work to-day, while it is called to-day, because the night
comes when no man can work. We were not sent into the world to be idle, nor had
we daylight given us to play by; and therefore, if ever we mean to do any thing
for God and our souls, why not now? Why not to-day? (3.) The exhortation to go
work to-day in the vineyard, speaketh unto us as unto children (Heb. xii. 5);
Son, go work. It is the command of a Father, which carries with it both
authority and affection, a Father that pities his children, and considers their
frame, and will not overtask them (Ps. ciii. 13, 14), a Father that is very
tender of his Son that serves him, Mal. iii. 17. If we work in our Father's
vineyard, we work for ourselves.
3. Their conduct was very different.
(1.) One of the sons did better than he said, proved better than he promised.
His answer was bad, but his actions were good.
[1.] Here is the untoward answer that he gave to his father; he said, flat and
plain I will not. See to what a degree of impudence the corrupt nature of man
rises, to say, I will not, to the command of a Father; such a command of such a
Father; they are impudent children, and stiff-hearted. Those that will not bend,
surely they cannot blush; if they had any degree of modesty left them, they
could not say, We will not. Jer. ii. 25. Excuses are bad, but downright denials
are worse; yet such peremptory refusals do the calls of the gospel often meet
with. First, Some love their ease, and will not work; they would live in the
world as leviathan in the waters, to play therein (Ps. civ. 26); they do not
love working. Secondly, Their hearts are so much upon their own fields, that
they are not for working in God's vineyard. They love the business of the world
better than the business of their religion. Thus some by the delights of sense,
and others by the employments of the world, are kept from doing that great work
which they were sent into the world about, and so stand all the day idle.
[2.] Here is the happy change of his mind, and of his way, upon second thought;
Afterward he repented, and went. Note, There are many who in the beginning are
wicked and wilful, and very unpromising, who afterward repent and mend, and come
to something. Some that God hath chosen, are suffered for a great while to run
to a great excess of riot; Such were some of you, 1 Cor. vi. 11. These are set
forth for patterns of long-suffering, 1 Tim. i. 16. Afterward he repented.
Repentance is metanoia—an after-wit: and metameleia—an after-care. Better late
than never. Observe, When he repented he went; that was the fruit meet for
repentance. The only evidence of our repentance for our former resistance, is,
immediately to comply, and set to work; and then what is past, shall be
pardoned, and all shall be well. See what a kind Father God is; he resents not
the affront of our refusals, as justly he might. He that told his father to his
face, that he would not do as he bid him, deserved to be turned out of doors,
and disinherited; but our God waits to be gracious, and, not withstanding our
former follies, if we repent and mend, will favourably accept of us; blessed be
God, we are under a covenant that leaves room for such a repentance.
(2.) The other son said better than he did, promised better than he proved; his
answer was good but his actions bad. To him the father said likewise, v. 30. The
gospel call, though very different, is, in effect, the same to all, and is
carried on with an even tenour. We have all the same commands, engagements,
encouragements, though to some they are a savour of life unto life, to others of
death unto death. Observe,
[1.] How fairly this other son promised; He said, I go, sir. He gives his father
a title of respect, sir. Note, It becomes children to speak respectfully to
their parents. It is one branch of that honour which the fifth commandment
requires. He professes a ready obedience, I go; not, "I will go by and by," but,
"Ready, sir, you may depend upon it, I go just now." This answer we should give
from the heart heartily to all the calls and commands of the word of God. See
Jer. iii. 22; Ps. xxvii. 8.
[2.] How he failed in the performance; He went not. Note, There are many that
give good words, and make fair promises, in religion, and those from some good
motions for the present, that rest there, and go no further, and so come to
nothing. Saying and doing are two things; and many there are that say, and do
not; it is particularly charged upon the Pharisees, ch. xxiii. 3. Many with
their mouth show much love, but their heart goes another way. They had a good
mind to be religious, but they met with something to be done, that was too hard,
or something to be parted with, that was too dear, and so their purposes are to
no purpose. Buds and blossoms are not fruit.
II. A general appeal upon the parable; Whether of them twain did the will of his
father? v. 31. They both had their faults, one was rude and the other was false,
such variety of exercises parents sometimes have in the different humours of
their children, and they have need of a great deal of wisdom and grace to know
what is the best way of managing them. But the question is, Which was the better
of the two, and the less faulty? And it was soon resolved; the first, because
his actions were better than his words, and his latter end than his beginning.
This they had learned from the common sense of mankind, who would much rather
deal with one that will be better than his word, than with one that will be
false to his word. And, in the intention of it, they had learned from the
account God gives of the rule of his judgment (Ezek. xviii. 21-24), that if the
sinner turn from his wickedness, he shall be pardoned; and if the righteous man
turn from his righteousness, he shall be rejected. The tenour of the whole
scripture gives us to understand that those are accepted as doing their Father's
will, who, wherein they have missed it, are sorry for it, and do better.
III. A particular application of it to the matter in hand, v. 31, 32. The
primary scope of the parable is, to show how the publicans and harlots, who
never talked of the Messiah and his kingdom, yet entertained the doctrine, and
submitted to the discipline, of John the Baptist, his forerunner, when the
priests and elders, who were big with expectations of the Messiah, and seemed
very ready to go into his measures, slighted John the Baptist, and ran counter
to the designs of his mission. But it has a further reach; the Gentiles were
sometimes disobedient, had been long so, children of disobedience, like the
elder son (Tit. iii. 3, 4); yet, when the gospel was preached to them, they
became obedient to the faith; whereas the Jews who said, I go, sir, promised
fair (Exod. xxiv. 7; Josh. xxiv. 24); yet went not; they did but flatter God
with their mouth. Ps. lxxviii. 36.
In Christ's application of this parable, observe.
1. How he proves that John's baptism was from heaven, and not of men. "If you
cannot tell," saith Christ, "you might tell,"
(1.) By the scope of his ministry; John came unto you in the way of
righteousness. Would you know whether John had his commission from heaven,
remember the rule of trial, By their fruits ye shall know them; the fruits of
their doctrines, the fruits of their doings. Observe but their way, and you may
trace out both their rise and their tendency. Now it was evident that John came
in the way of righteousness. In his ministry, he taught people to repent, and to
work the works of righteousness. In his conversation, he was a great example of
strictness, and seriousness, and contempt of the world, denying himself, and
doing good to every body else. Christ therefore submitted to the baptism of
John, because it became him to fulfil all righteousness. Now, if John thus came
in the way of righteousness, could they be ignorant that his baptism was from
heaven, or make any doubt of it?
(2.) By the success of his ministry; The publicans and the harlots believed him;
he did abundance of good among the worst sort of people. St. Paul proves his
apostleship by the seals of his ministry, 1 Cor. ix. 2. If God had not sent John
the Baptist, he would not have crowned his labours with such wonderful success,
nor have made him so instrumental as he was for the conversion of souls. If
publicans and harlots believe his report, surely the arm of the Lord is with
him. The people's profiting is the minister's best testimonial.
2. How he reproves them for their contempt of John's baptism, which yet, for
fear of the people, they were not willing to own. To shame them for it, he sets
before them the faith, repentance, and obedience, of the publicans and harlots,
which aggravated their unbelief and impenitence. As he shows, ch. xi. 21, that
the less likely would have repented, so here that the less likely did repent.
(1.) The publicans and harlots were like the first son in the parable, from whom
little of religion was expected. They promised little good, and those that knew
them promised themselves little good from them. Their disposition was generally
rude, and their conversation profligate and debauched; and yet many of them were
wrought upon the by the ministry of John, who came in the spirit and power of
Elias. See Luke vii. 29. These fitly represented the Gentile world; for, as Dr.
Whitby observes, the Jews generally ranked the publicans with the heathen; nay,
and the heathen were represented by the Jews as harlots, and born of harlots,
John viii. 41.
(2.) The scribes and Pharisees, the chief priests and elders, and indeed the
Jewish nation in general, were like the other son that gave good words; they
made a specious profession of religion, and yet, when the kingdom of the Messiah
was brought among them by the baptism of John, they slighted it, they turned
their back upon it, nay they lifted up the heel against it. A hypocrite is more
hardly convinced and converted than a gross sinner; the form of godliness, if
that be rested in, becomes one of Satan's strongholds, by which he opposes the
power of godliness. It was an aggravation of their unbelief, [1.] That John was
such an excellent person, that he came, and came to them, in the way of
righteousness. The better the means are, the greater will the account be, if not
improved. [2.] That, when they saw the publicans and harlots go before them into
the kingdom of heaven, they did not afterward repent and believe; were not
thereby provoked to a holy emulation, Rom. xi. 14. Shall publicans and harlots
go away with grace and glory; and shall not we put in for a share? Shall our
inferiors be more holy and more happy than we? They had not the wit and grace
that Esau had, who was moved to take other measures than he had done, by the
example of his younger brother, Gen. xxviii. 6. These proud priests, that set up
for leaders, scorned to follow, though it were into the kingdom of heaven,
especially to follow publicans; through the pride of their countenance, they
would not seek after God, after Christ, Ps. x. 4.
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